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URINARY SYSTEM

Function: Framing the Roles of the Urinary System in Homeostasis

Major structures: Survey of Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder, and Urethra

Internal Anatomy: Cortex, Medulla, Pyramids, and Pelvis Orientation

Blood Supply: Renal Arteries, Segments, and Venous Return Overview

NEPHRON

Nephron: Functional Unit Linking Structure to Filtration and Balance

Types of Nephrons: Cortical versus Juxtamedullary Comparison

Glomerulus - Bowman's capsule: Site of Initial Filtration

Endothelial - Capsular Membrane: Filtration Barrier Architecture

Renal Physiology

Renal Physiology: Linking Structure to Function Across Nephrons

Filtration: Determinants of Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

Reabsorption: Solute and Water Recovery along the Tubule

Secretion: Tubular Transport Adding to the Filtrate

Composition of Urine: Normal Ranges and Variations

Diuretics: Mechanisms and Sites of Action along the Nephron

The Kidneys

An Overview of Kidney Anatomy: Gross Features and Landmarks

Kidney Blood Supply: Arterial Pathway to Peritubular and Vasa Recta Networks

What is the Nephron?: Components from Corpuscle to Collecting System

What is the Pathway of Urine through the Nephron?: From Filtrate to Urine

What are the Functions of the Nephron?: Integration of Filtration, Reabsorption, and Secretion

What are the Parts of the Renal Corpuscle?: Glomerulus and Capsule Details

What is the Proximal Convoluted Tubule?: Bulk Reabsorption Focus

What is Loop of Henle?: Countercurrent Principles

What is the Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)?: Fine-Tuning Solute Balance

What are the Collecting Ducts?: Water Reabsorption and Final Urine Adjustment

Principles of Urine Production

What is the Primary Purpose of Urine Production?: Maintaining Internal Balance

What are the Processes in Urine Formation?: Filtration, Reabsorption, and Secretion

What is Filtration at the Glomerulus?: Pressures and Permeability

Why is Renin Released?: Triggers and Systemic Effects

What is Tubular Reabsorption/Secretion?: Segmental Transport Mechanisms

What Kind of Control is Caused by the Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)?: Water Conservation Logic

The Effects of ADH on the DCT and Collecting Duct: Aquaporins and Osmotic Gradients

Roles of the Renin-Angiotensin System in the Regulation of GFR: Autoregulation to Systemic Control

Transport, Storage, & Excretion

What are Ureters?: Structure and Peristalsis

What is the Urinary Bladder?: Layers, Capacity, and Trigone

What is the Urethra?: Sphincters and Sex Differences

The Micturition Reflex: Neural Control of Urination

Fluid, Electrolyte, & Acid-Base

What is Homeostasis of Fluids?: Volume and Osmolality Interplay

What is Acid-Base Balance?: Renal Contributions to pH Regulation

The Basic Relationship Between Carbon Dioxide and Plasma pH: Respiratory-Renal Coordination

Aging and the Urinary System

What are Age-Related Changes in the Urinary System?: Functional and Structural Trends

Apply and Assess: Quizzes

Quiz 1: Function

Quiz 2: Major structures

Quiz 3: Internal Anatomy

Quiz 4: Blood Supply

Quiz 5: Nephron

Quiz 6: Types of Nephrons

Quiz 7: Glomerulus - Bowman's capsule

Quiz 8: Endothelial - Capsular Membrane

Quiz 9: Renal Physiology

Quiz 10: Filtration

Quiz 11: Reabsorption

Quiz 12: Secretion

Quiz 13: Composition of Urine

Quiz 14: Diuretics

Quiz 15: What is the Pathway of Urine through the Nephron?

Quiz 16: What Kind of Control is Caused by the Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)?

Quiz 17: The Effects of ADH on the DCT and Collecting Duct

Quiz 18: Roles of the Renin-Angiotensin System in the Regulation of GFR

Quiz 19: What are Ureters?

Quiz 20: What is the Urinary Bladder?

Quiz 21: The Micturition Reflex

Course Feedback

Survey: Learning Experience and Confidence in Urinary System Concepts

Master the urinary system from macro to micro with Urinary System Mastery: Anatomy, Microanatomy, Blood Supply, and Flow. This comprehensive, step-by-step course connects structure to function across kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra—then zooms into nephron microanatomy, filtration barriers, renal blood supply, and the physiology that powers fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance. Built for clarity and retention, each module blends high-yield explanations with labeled visuals and practice quizzes so you can move confidently from foundational anatomy to advanced concepts like GFR regulation, countercurrent mechanisms, and hormone-driven water conservation. You’ll compare cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons, trace the urine pathway, decode diuretic sites of action, and solidify your understanding of ADH and the renin-angiotensin system in regulating blood pressure and filtration. By the end, you’ll be able to explain normal urine composition, interpret how systemic changes impact renal function, and apply principles across transport, storage, and excretion—including the micturition reflex. Whether you’re preparing for exams, refreshing clinical knowledge, or building a stronger physiology framework, this course provides a crisp, clinically aware roadmap with rigorous assessments and an engaging learning flow.

Urinary System Mastery: Anatomy, Microanatomy, Blood Supply, and Flow

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            <p>Human physiology relies on the urinary system to maintain internal balance with remarkable precision. This course builds a clear, step-by-step understanding of how anatomy and microanatomy enable blood filtration, solute and water regulation, nitrogenous waste excretion, and acid-base homeostasis. You will begin with the roles of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra, then zoom in to the internal architecture of cortex, medulla, pyramids, and renal pelvis. A focused overview of renal blood supply connects gross landmarks to segmental arteries, peritubular capillaries, and the vasa recta—laying the groundwork for how perfusion underpins filtration and concentration.</p>

<p>The nephron serves as the functional bridge between structure and physiology. You will compare cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons, analyze the renal corpuscle (glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule), and unpack the filtration barrier at the endothelial-capsular membrane. From there, the course links each tubular segment—PCT, loop of Henle, DCT, and collecting ducts—to the core processes of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion, culminating in the composition of urine. Mechanistic modules on GFR determinants, diuretics and their sites of action, ADH control of aquaporins, and the renin-angiotensin system translate concepts into clinically relevant reasoning. Finally, you will follow urine transport and storage (ureters, bladder, urethra, micturition reflex), integrate fluid and electrolyte logic with acid-base balance, and consider age-related changes. Frequent quizzes reinforce each concept, helping high school and college learners move from memorization to systems-level mastery.</p>
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