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Confidence you can measure

The volume dial

The certainty scale

Modal verbs and their grammar

Probability now and in the future

Probability in the past

Hedging beyond modals

Hedging verbs, adverbs and it-structures

Precision without overclaiming

Practice

must for deduction

can't for deduction

Modal + base verb

likely to

must have

might have

should have

can't have

seem to have

A well-hedged claim

It appears that

Adverb with a modal

tend to

Avoiding over-hedging

bound to

Wordle: certainty words

Quiz Review

Quiz Review: Why Each Answer Works

Module recap

Match the strength of every claim to the evidence: modal verbs for present, future and past probability, hedging verbs, adverbs and it-structures, and precision without over-hedging.

Say exactly how sure you are. Learn the certainty scale, modal verbs for present and past deduction, hedging verbs, adverbs and it-structures, and how to sound careful without sounding vague.

PTE Grammar 6: Hedging, Modality and Precise Claims

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