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Section 1: Foundations of Company Capital

Introduction

Companies -  Ledger Accounts and Transactions

Unique Ledger Accounts of a Company

Ordinary Share Capital

Retained Income / Retained Earnings

Buy-back (repurchase) of shares

🎮 Crossword: Company Terminology

Section 2: Specific Ledger Accounts and Transactions

Income Tax & SARS: Income Tax

Income Tax - example

Dividends & Shareholders for Dividends

Dividends - example

Appropriation account

Appropriation account - example

🎮 Pixel Quest: Ledger Logic Challenge

Section C: Practical Application - Exercises

EXERCISE 1.1

Match the concepts (A) with
descriptions(B)

(b) Calculate the total Ordinary owners’ equity on 28 February 2025?

EXERCISE 1.2

REQUIRED: (Exercise 1.2)

INFORMATION: (Exercise 1.2)

TRANSACTIONS: (Exercise 1.2)

1.2.1 General ledger of Angus Ltd.

1.2.2 Calculate the total Ordinary owners’ equity on 28 February 2025?

Section 4: Accounting Equation and Analysis

EXERCISE 1.3

🎮Match the concepts (A) with
descriptions(B)

1.3.2 Analyse the following transactions and show the effect on the accounting equation. Show an increase with a “+” and a decrease with a “-” in front of the amount. Answer each question independently from the others.

REQUIRED: (Always Ltd)

INFORMATION: (Always Ltd)

General ledger of Always Ltd.

Section 5: Advanced Financial Reporting

EXERCISE 1.4

REQUIRED: (Exercise 1.4)

INFORMATION: (Exercise 1.4)

TRANSACTIONS: (Exercise 1.4)

Calculations:

1.4.1 General ledger of Vuvuzela Ltd.

1.4.2 Complete the missing information in the notes to the Statement of Financial Position / Balance sheet on 30 June 2025:

1.4.3 Calculate the average issue price per share on 30 June 2025.

1.4.4 Comment on the dividend payment policy. Do you think that the dividend declaration of the current year was a wise financial decision? Provide figures to support your answer.

1.4.5 Calculate the total owners’ equity on 30 June 2025.

EXERCISE 1.5

REQUIRED: (Exercise 1.5)

INFORMATION: (Exercise 1.5)

1.5.1 General ledger of Thor Ltd.

Section 6: Knowledge Check

Quiz 1: Public Company Concepts

Quiz 2:  Share Capital and Repurchase Transactions

Quiz 3: Ledger Account Mechanics

Quiz 4: Taxation and Dividends

Quiz 5: Buy-Back Transactions

Quiz 6: Financial Analysis

Section 7: Course Feedback

Survey 1: Course Content Feedback

Survey 2: Difficulty Assessment

Survey 3: Overall Experience

Master the ledger mechanics that drive public companies in South Africa. Grade 12 Accounting: Mastering Company Ledger Accounts and Transactions takes you from foundational concepts to full, exam-ready competence with company-specific accounts. You’ll learn how the Companies Act frames public companies, how limited liability and the separation of ownership and control work, and why transparent financial reporting matters to stakeholders. Then you’ll dive deep into unique company ledger accounts—Ordinary Share Capital, Retained Income, SARS (Income Tax), Shareholders for Dividends, and the Appropriation Account—connecting subsidiary ledgers to controlling accounts with precision. Through guided examples and interactive mini-games, you’ll practice recording share issues (at par and premium), calculating average issue prices, processing buy-backs above average, posting provisional and final tax, and declaring and paying dividends. Comprehensive case studies (Wonder Ltd., Angus Ltd., Always Ltd., Vuvuzela Ltd., and Thor Ltd.) simulate authentic exam scenarios, culminating in financial statement notes and equity analysis. By the end, you’ll confidently construct and balance company ledgers, analyze the accounting equation, and verify double-entry across all unique company accounts—skills essential for top performance in Grade 12 and a solid foundation for further studies in finance and accounting.

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            <p>Have you ever considered the profound shift that occurs when a business evolves from a local partnership into a public entity regulated by the Companies Act? In the final stretch of your secondary accounting journey, the focus shifts from simple bookkeeping to the intricate dance between ownership and control. This transition introduces the concept of limited liability, where the financial fate of a shareholder is decoupled from the company’s legal identity. As you navigate the foundations of company capital, you must ask yourself: how does a business maintain transparency for thousands of stakeholders while managing millions in authorized and issued share capital? Understanding these characteristics is not merely about memorizing definitions; it is about grasping the legal and ethical framework that sustains the South African corporate economy.</p>

<p>Mastery of the General Ledger in a corporate context requires more than just balancing numbers; it demands an analytical mind capable of tracing the flow of profit through the Appropriation Account. From calculating the nuances of provisional tax payments to SARS to determining the strategic implications of a share buy-back, every entry tells a story of corporate health and executive decision-making. Why would a company choose to repurchase its own shares, and how does this affect the average issue price and the equity of remaining shareholders? Through rigorous practical exercises involving entities like Vuvuzela Ltd and Thor Ltd, you will be challenged to evaluate dividend policies and analyze the accounting equation with precision. This course is designed to transform you from a student of bookkeeping into a financial analyst prepared to interpret the complex notes of a Statement of Financial Position and justify the financial wisdom of a multi-million rand corporation.</p>
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