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Fundamentals of Centrifugal Pumps for Hydronic and HVAC Systems

Introduction

Learning Objectives

Fundamentals of Centrifugal Pumps

Quiz 1 – Pump basics and why circulation matters

Quiz 2 – Pump classification and where centrifugal pumps fit

Quiz 3 – How a centrifugal pump builds velocity and pressure

Quiz 4 – Volute basics and why pressure rises

Quiz 5 – Energy transformation through the pump system

Quiz 6 – Main components and what they do

Quiz 7 – Impellers: key characteristics and types

Quiz 9 – Filtration and separation that protect the pump

Quiz 10 – Common centrifugal pump families used in HVAC

Quiz 8 – Shaft, bearings, seals, and couplings in operation

Fundamentals of Hydraulic Principles in Pump Systems 

Hydraulic Principles and System Behavior

Hydraulic Energy and System Resistance

Flow, Pressure, and Head

Summary – Connecting Flow, Pressure, and Head

Static Head, Friction Head, and Total Dynamic Head (TDH)

Summary – Comparing Head Components

Pump Curves, System Curves, and the Operating Point

Summary – Comparing Pump, System, and Operating Points

Open vs Closed Piping Systems, Suction Lift, and Atmospheric Pressure

NPSH and Cavitation Basics

Knowledge Check – 15 Questions

Hydronic Pump Behavior: Efficiency, Curves, and Affinity Laws

Energy Transfer and Efficiency

Where Pump Efficiency Is Lost (Inside the Pump)

Reading and Understanding Pump Curves

Hydraulic Institute Operating Ranges (BEP, POR, and AOR)

System Curves, Operating Point, and Pump Curve Zones

Constant-Speed Operation (Throttling Control)

Constant-Speed vs Variable-Speed Pump Curves

The Affinity Laws

Advanced Pump Control and Smart Pumping Technology

Advanced Pump Control and Smart Pumping

Advanced Pump Control and Smart Hydronics

Traditional Hydronic Systems vs Smart Pump Systems

Traditional Hydronic Installation

Why a Pressure Sensor Is Needed

How Pump Speed Responds to Pressure Changes

Energy Impact of Pressure Sensor Location

What Is Minimum Head and Why It Matters?

How Smart Pumps Change the Game

Hydronic Control Strategies and Control Curves

System Curve vs Control Curve

💬 Key Takeaways

Smart Pump Fundamentals - Understanding the Intelligence Behind Armstrong Design Envelope Technology

What Makes a Pump Smart?

The Core Intelligence Behind Smart Pumps: Sensorless Technology + Performance Mapping

What is Performance Mapping?

How Sensorless Technology and Performance Mapping Work Together

Why This Intelligence is Powerful

💬 Key Takeaways - Smart Pump Fundamentals

Part-Load Optimization and ΔT Protection

Turndown Ratio and Minimum Stable Pump Speed

Understanding Minimum Stable Speed

Why Smart Pumps Achieve Deeper Turndown

Deeper Turndown, Bigger Savings: The Science Behind It

Why Over-Pumping Destroys ΔT

Why Flow Duration Matters for Heat Transfer

The Science Behind ΔT 

Impact on the Chiller

Impact on the Coil

Maintaining System ΔT

Parallel Pumping and Efficiency Staging

Why Parallel Pumping Matters

How Flow Splits Between Parallel Pumps

Smart Pump Staging

Redundancy and N+1 Reliability

Capacity Splits in Parallel Pumping

How Smart Pumps Maintain ΔT in Parallel Operation

💬 Key Takeaways – Parallel Pumping

4. Knowledge Check – 15 Questions (Quiz 1)

4. Knowledge Check – 15 Questions (Quiz 2)

4. Knowledge Check – 15 Questions (Quiz 3)

4. Knowledge Check – 15 Questions (Quiz 4)

4. Knowledge Check – 15 Questions (Quiz 5)

4. Knowledge Check – 15 Questions (Quiz 6)

4. Knowledge Check – 15 Questions (Quiz 7)

4. Knowledge Check – 15 Questions (Quiz 8)

4. Knowledge Check – 15 Questions (Quiz 9)

4. Knowledge Check – 15 Questions (Quiz 10)

Quiz 1 – Flow, Pressure, and Head Basics

Quiz 2 – Pressure-to-Head Conversions and Specific Gravity

Quiz 3 – Static Head vs Friction Head

Quiz 4 – Calculating Total Dynamic Head (TDH)

Quiz 5 – Reading Pump Curves

Quiz 6 – Building and Interpreting System Curves

Quiz 7 – Finding the Operating Point

Quiz 8 – Open vs Closed Systems and Suction Conditions

Quiz 9 – Atmospheric Pressure, Elevation, and NPSH Available

Quiz 10 – Cavitation Symptoms and Prevention

Knowledge Check Quiz 1 (Questions 1–2)

Knowledge Check Quiz 2 (Questions 3–4)

$ (USD)

Centrifugal Pump Fundamentals: Principles, Components, and HVAC Applications is a practical, industry-focused course that demystifies how centrifugal pumps move water and create pressure in heating, cooling, and process systems. Whether you’re new to pumps or looking to formalize your knowledge, you’ll learn the core physics, key components, and real-world application in HVAC. Starting from first principles, we explain how rotating impellers convert mechanical energy into fluid velocity, how the volute transforms that velocity into usable pressure, and how energy flows through a pump system. You’ll examine impeller types, shafts, bearings, seals, and couplings—plus the filtration and protection strategies that keep equipment reliable. Short knowledge checks reinforce each concept and prepare you to evaluate pump families commonly used in HVAC, understand where each fits, and avoid common pitfalls in selection and operation. By the end, you’ll confidently speak the language of pump performance, identify critical parts and their functions, and connect theory to everyday circulation challenges in hydronic systems. If you work with chillers, boilers, air handlers, or building loops, this course gives you the clarity to make better decisions on design, troubleshooting, and maintenance.

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            <p>Centrifugal pumps are the workhorses you see every day on the job, keeping water moving through chillers, boilers, and cooling towers. Understanding how these machines actually tick—moving from simple circulation to the physics of how an impeller builds velocity and pressure—is what separates a basic parts-changer from a real pro. We’re going to break down the energy transformation that happens inside that casing, looking at how the volute converts speed into the pressure needed to overcome system head and keep the building comfortable.</p>

<p>Throughout this course, we’ll get into the nitty-gritty of the hardware you’re wrenching on, from different impeller types and mechanical seals to the shafts and bearings that keep everything spinning true. We’ll also cover the specific pump families you’re most likely to run into in HVAC applications and the filtration or separation systems that keep them from getting chewed up by debris. By the time we’re done, you’ll have a solid handle on the fundamentals, making it a lot easier to troubleshoot issues and explain to a customer exactly why their system isn't performing like it should.</p>
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