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Context and Beginnings of the Resistance

The Aftermath of World War I

The Occupation of Anatolia

Mustafa Kemal's Journey to Samsun

Organization of the National Movement

The Congresses: Erzurum and Sivas

Establishment of the Grand National Assembly

Military Fronts and Key Leaders

The Eastern and Southern Fronts

The Western Front: Inönü Battles

Battle of Sakarya and the Great Offensive

🎮 Pixel Quest: Leaders and Battles Review

Victory and the Republic

Diplomatic Victory: The Treaty of Lausanne

Declaration of the Republic

Quiz

Quiz: Context and Beginnings

Quiz: National Organization

Quiz: Military Fronts

Quiz: Major Battles

Quiz: Victory and Outcomes

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Discover the story of how a nation emerged from occupation to sovereignty in Atatürk and the Leaders of the Turkish Independence War. This engaging, structured course guides you through the collapse of the Ottoman Empire after World War I, the rise of local resistance, and the strategic leadership that unified a national movement. You will follow Mustafa Kemal Atatürk’s journey from Samsun to Ankara, explore decisive congresses, and see how a new parliament formed the backbone of a modern state. Dive into the major fronts and battles—from the Eastern and Southern campaigns to the pivotal Inönü, Sakarya, and the Great Offensive—while meeting key commanders such as Kazım Karabekir and İsmet İnönü. The course culminates with diplomatic triumph at Lausanne and the proclamation of the Republic, connecting military success to state-building. Designed for history enthusiasts, educators, and lifelong learners, the program blends clear narrative, primary context, and interactive review activities, including a fun Pixel Quest recap game. By the end, you’ll understand the milestones, people, and principles that shaped the Turkish War of Independence and the foundation of modern Turkey.

Atatürk and the Leaders of the Turkish Independence War

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            <p>The collapse of the Ottoman Empire following World War I left Anatolia in a state of profound uncertainty and foreign occupation. Under the harsh terms of the Armistice of Mudros, Allied powers began seizing strategic territories, leading to the Greek landing in Smyrna and the subsequent rise of local resistance movements known as the Kuvay-i Milliye. This course explores the pivotal moment on May 19, 1919, when Mustafa Kemal Pasha landed in Samsun, transforming scattered local defiance into a unified national movement. By examining the political and military landscape of the early 20th century, learners will trace how the Turkish people sought to reclaim their sovereignty against overwhelming odds and foreign intervention.</p>

<p>Beyond the initial resistance, the journey toward independence involved sophisticated political organization and strategic military brilliance. The curriculum delves into the significance of the Erzurum and Sivas Congresses, where the National Pact was forged, and the eventual establishment of the Grand National Assembly in Ankara as a separate entity from the Istanbul administration. The narrative follows the heroic efforts on multiple fronts, highlighting the leadership of figures such as Kazım Karabekir in the East and İsmet İnönü in the West. From the grueling Battle of Sakarya to the decisive Great Offensive, this course details the transition from a crumbling empire to a modern republic, culminating in the diplomatic triumph of the Treaty of Lausanne and the official proclamation of the Republic of Turkey under its first president, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.</p>
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