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Foundations of the Conflict

The Aftermath of World War I

The Occupation of Anatolia

The Spark in Samsun

Organizing the National Movement

Congresses and Circulars

Establishment of the Grand National Assembly

🎮 Pixel Quest: Path to Ankara

The Military Campaigns

The Eastern and Southern Fronts

Regular Army and Western Front

Victory: Sakarya and the Great Offensive

Diplomacy and the Republic

The Treaty of Lausanne

Proclamation of the Republic

Quiz

Quiz: Roots of the Resistance

Quiz: Organizing the Movement

Quiz: Key Military Leaders

Quiz: Major Battles

Quiz: From Treaty to Republic

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Discover the architects and leaders who shaped the Turkish War of Independence in this engaging, research-informed course. From the turbulent aftermath of World War I to the proclamation of the Republic, you’ll trace how visionary leadership, grassroots organization, and strategic military planning reshaped a collapsing empire into a modern nation-state. Through clear explanations, interactive checkpoints, and concise narratives, you will follow Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and key commanders such as İsmet İnönü and Kazım Karabekir as they navigate occupation, organize national resistance, secure battlefield victories, and negotiate enduring peace at Lausanne. You will unpack pivotal milestones including the Amasya Circular, the Erzurum and Sivas Congresses, the opening of the Grand National Assembly, decisive battles at İnönü, Sakarya, and the Great Offensive, and the transformation from armistice to recognized sovereignty. Designed for learners seeking both a structured overview and memorable takeaways, the course blends political, military, and diplomatic perspectives. Whether you’re a student of history, an educator, or a curious learner, you’ll gain a cohesive understanding of how a united national movement emerged, triumphed, and laid the foundations of the Republic of Turkey. Enroll to connect events, leaders, and outcomes into a compelling story of resilience and state-building.

Architects and Leaders of the Turkish War of Independence

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            <p>The collapse of the Ottoman Empire following World War I marked a pivotal turning point in global history, leading to the fragmentation of a once-vast empire and the occupation of its heartland by Allied powers. Under the restrictive terms of the Armistice of Mudros, Anatolia was partitioned into various zones of influence, with Greek, Italian, French, and British forces asserting control over strategic territories. This period of profound uncertainty and foreign intervention set the stage for a national awakening. The arrival of Mustafa Kemal in Samsun on May 19, 1919, served as the definitive spark for resistance, transforming localized discontent into a unified national movement. This course explores the foundational conflicts and the emergence of the National Pact (Misak-ı Millî), which defined the territorial and political goals of a people determined to secure their sovereignty.</p>

<p>Beyond the initial sparks of rebellion, the Turkish War of Independence was a complex orchestration of political organization and military strategy. From the early declarations of the Amasya Circular to the establishment of the Grand National Assembly in Ankara, the movement evolved into a legitimate governing body capable of challenging the status quo. Students will examine the critical roles played by key architects such as Kazım Karabekir on the Eastern Front and İsmet İnönü on the Western Front, as well as the strategic brilliance displayed during the Battle of Sakarya and the Great Offensive. The journey concludes with the diplomatic triumph of the Treaty of Lausanne, which replaced the punitive Treaty of Sèvres and paved the way for the official proclamation of the Republic of Turkey. By analyzing these leaders and their achievements, this course provides a comprehensive understanding of how a modern nation-state was forged from the ashes of empire.</p>
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