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Course Overview and Foundations

INTRODUCTION

TEACHER’S MANUAL

MATERIALS

Adrenal Cortex and Medulla Physiology

ADRENAL MEDULLA AND CORTEX

Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex: Mineralocorticoids and Glucocorticoids

Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla: Catecholamines

Clinical Abnormalities of the Adrenal Glands

Hypercortisolism: Cushing's Syndrome

Adrenal Insufficiency: Addison's Disease

Abnormalities of the Medulla: Pheochromocytoma

Knowledge Assessment

Quiz 1: Adrenal Anatomy and Histology

Quiz 2: Cortex Layers

Quiz 3: Mineralocorticoid Function

Quiz 4: Glucocorticoid Actions

Quiz 5: Catecholamine Synthesis and Release

Quiz 6: Physiological Stress Response

Quiz 7: Cushing's Syndrome Pathophysiology

Quiz 8: Addison's Disease Clinical Features

Quiz 9: Pheochromocytoma Diagnosis

Quiz 10: Comprehensive Adrenal Review

Course Feedback

Initial Course Survey

Final Course Evaluation

Master the physiology, biochemistry, and clinical relevance of adrenal hormones in this focused, medically oriented course: Adrenal Hormones—Functions, Actions, and Clinical Abnormalities. You’ll build a strong foundation in adrenal anatomy and histology before diving into the layered functions of the adrenal cortex (zona glomerulosa, fasciculata, and reticularis) and the rapid-response adrenal medulla. Learn how mineralocorticoids regulate fluid and electrolyte balance, how glucocorticoids orchestrate metabolism and immunity, and how catecholamines power the body’s acute stress response. Then connect mechanisms to bedside decisions through case-driven modules on Cushing’s syndrome, Addison’s disease, and pheochromocytoma, with emphasis on diagnostics like dexamethasone suppression, ACTH stimulation, and metanephrine testing. Designed for medical and health-science learners, the program integrates histology, endocrine pathways, and clinical reasoning—bridging basic science and patient care. Interactive quizzes reinforce high-yield facts, and structured progression helps you move from molecular synthesis to differential diagnosis with confidence. By the end, you’ll be able to interpret lab results, anticipate physiological responses, and recognize red-flag presentations of adrenal disorders—skills essential for exams, rotations, and clinical practice.

Adrenal Hormones: Functions, Actions, and Clinical Abnormalities

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            <p>The adrenal glands, situated as suprarenal retroperitoneal organs, serve as critical mediators within the endocrine system, orchestrating complex physiological responses essential for maintaining homeostasis. This course provides a rigorous examination of the adrenal architecture, focusing on the distinct dual-layered structure comprising the outer cortex and the inner medulla. By exploring the embryological origins of these tissues—the mesoderm-derived cortex and the neural crest-derived medulla—students will establish a foundational understanding of how these glands integrate into the broader glandular hierarchy. Central to this study is the physiological response to both acute and chronic stress, facilitated through intricate endocrine signaling pathways that govern systemic stability.</p>

<p>Building upon these anatomical foundations, the curriculum transitions into the microscopic functional units of the gland, specifically the histological zoning of the adrenal cortex: the zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis. Detailed analysis will be provided regarding steroidogenesis, the biochemical pathways of catecholamine synthesis, and the regulatory mechanisms of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis and the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS). The final modules bridge the gap between physiology and clinical practice, examining the pathophysiology of hypercortisolism in Cushing’s syndrome, the systemic impact of adrenal insufficiency in Addison’s disease, and the cardiovascular implications of catecholamine-secreting pheochromocytomas. Through this integrated approach, students will develop the diagnostic acumen necessary to interpret laboratory reference ranges and evaluate the clinical manifestations of adrenal dysfunction.</p>
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